Expand your vocabulary variety and eliminate word repetition. Learn strategies to replace overused words, use synonyms effectively, and create more engaging, precise writing.
约7分钟阅读
Vocabulary range refers to the breadth and variety of words you use in your writing. A wide vocabulary range does not mean cramming in obscure words to impress the reader. It means choosing from a diverse set of precise, appropriate words so that your writing stays fresh, engaging, and accurate. This section teaches you to recognize when your vocabulary range is too narrow and when repetition crosses the line from acceptable to problematic.
Every writing evaluation framework — IELTS, TOEFL, AP English, academic rubrics, business communication standards — rewards vocabulary range. The reason is practical, not arbitrary: writers who use a variety of words demonstrate that they can express ideas with precision, adapt their language to context, and keep the reader engaged.
Limited vocabulary range causes three problems:
Monotony. Reading the same words repeatedly is tedious. The reader's attention fades because nothing new is stimulating their mind.
Perceived limited competence. Whether or not it is fair, readers judge the writer's ability by the range of language on the page. Repeating "important" seven times in an essay signals that the writer either does not know alternatives or did not bother to revise.
Loss of precision. Different situations call for different words. Using "good" for everything — a good argument, a good result, a good strategy — erases the distinctions between things that are compelling, favorable, and effective. The reader loses nuance.
Not all repetition is bad. Understanding the difference is essential to improving your vocabulary range without overcorrecting.
Key terms and technical vocabulary. If you are writing about photosynthesis, you should use the word photosynthesis every time you mean it. Substituting "the green process" or "the plant energy mechanism" to avoid repeating the term creates confusion, not elegance. The same applies to any specialized term: inflation, algorithm, democracy, thesis statement.
Rhetorical repetition. Deliberate repetition for emphasis or rhythm is a stylistic choice, not a flaw:
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets.
Here the repetition of "we shall fight" is the entire point. It creates power and rhythm.
Function words. Words like the, a, is, are, in, of, and, to, that, and it are the structural glue of English. They will appear dozens of times in any paragraph, and that is completely normal. No reader notices or cares that "the" appears 15 times on a page.
Content words used excessively. When a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that carries real meaning appears too frequently, it signals limited range. "Important" used 8 times in 500 words is a problem. "Develop" or "development" used in 6 out of 10 sentences is a problem.
Root repetition. Using different forms of the same root word in close proximity: develop, development, developing, developed, developer — all within the same paragraph. While each is technically a different word, they all come from the same root, and the effect on the reader is the same as repeating one word.
Semantic repetition. Saying the same idea with different words, often within the same paragraph or even the same sentence:
The economy grew and expanded rapidly, increasing at a fast pace.
"Grew," "expanded," and "increasing" all express the same concept. "Rapidly" and "at a fast pace" say the same thing. The sentence says one idea but uses the word count of three.
The most effective way to spot repetition in your own writing is the highlight test. Here is how it works:
Read through your essay and highlight (or underline) every content word that appears more than twice. Ignore function words (the, a, is, of, etc.).
Look at the density. If a highlighted word appears three or more times in a single paragraph, or five or more times in a 500-word essay, flag it for revision.
Check root families. Look for clusters of related forms: analyze/analysis/analytical, effect/effective/effectively, significant/significance/significantly. Count these as related repetitions.
Assess necessity. For each flagged word, ask: Is this a key term that cannot be replaced? If yes, keep it. If no, find an alternative.
Here is an example of the highlight test in action:
Education is important for society. The importance of education cannot be overstated. It is important to invest in schools because they provide important skills. Without good education, people cannot get good jobs. A good education system is important for economic growth.
The highlight test reveals:
The first two are clear candidates for revision. The third is the essay topic and is harder to replace without losing clarity — though "schooling," "learning," and "academic training" could occasionally substitute.
Not every repeated word needs to be changed. Use these guidelines to decide when repetition has crossed the threshold:
| Context | Threshold | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Same content word in one paragraph (~100 words) | 3+ times | Revise: find alternatives for at least half the occurrences |
| Same content word in a full essay (~500 words) | 5+ times | Revise: replace most non-essential repetitions |
| Same root family in one paragraph | 2+ different forms | Revise: vary either the word or the sentence structure |
| Topic keyword (thesis, main subject) | No strict limit | Acceptable, but consider occasional synonyms or pronouns |
| Function words (the, is, of, and) | No limit | Never a problem |
These thresholds are guidelines, not rigid rules. A 2,000-word research paper on climate change will naturally use "climate" dozens of times, and that is appropriate. But if the same paper uses "significant" 12 times, that is a vocabulary range problem because significant is not the topic — it is a descriptor, and many alternatives exist (notable, substantial, considerable, meaningful, marked).
The key question is always: Does this word have readily available alternatives, and am I failing to use them?
Understanding the three types of repetition helps you diagnose your writing more precisely.
The same word used multiple times:
The problem with this approach is that it creates new problems. These problems are difficult to solve because the original problem was never properly defined.
Diagnosis: "Problem/problems" appears 4 times in 2 sentences. Alternatives: issue, challenge, difficulty, complication, obstacle, shortcoming.
Different forms of the same word:
The development of new technology has developed rapidly. Developers continue to develop innovative solutions, and this developmental progress shows no signs of slowing.
Diagnosis: Five forms of "develop" in 2 sentences. This creates a droning effect even though the words are technically different. Mix in alternatives: advancement, creation, engineers/designers, build/create/innovate, evolutionary.
Different words expressing the same meaning:
The new policy was beneficial and advantageous for the company. It helped the organization and was useful for improving performance. The positive effects were favorable for all departments.
Diagnosis: Every sentence says the same thing — "the policy was good for the company" — using different words each time. This is not vocabulary range; it is padding. Say it once with the most precise word and move on.
Consider how repetition affects the reader across different writing contexts:
Academic writing:
Wordy and repetitive: The study shows that exercise shows benefits. Previous research also shows similar results. Our data shows a clear pattern.
Varied: The study demonstrates that exercise offers benefits. Previous research corroborates these findings. Our data reveals a clear pattern.
The revised version sounds more scholarly because each verb carries a slightly different shade of meaning: demonstrates implies evidence, corroborates implies confirmation, reveals implies discovery.
Business writing:
Repetitive: We need to improve our processes. Improving efficiency will improve our bottom line. Process improvement is a priority.
Varied: We need to streamline our processes. Enhancing efficiency will strengthen our bottom line. Operational optimization is a priority.
The revision communicates the same message but sounds more authoritative and demonstrates command of business vocabulary.
General writing:
Repetitive: The movie was interesting. The plot was interesting because it had interesting twists. I found the characters interesting too.
Varied: The movie was compelling. The plot was gripping because of its unexpected twists. I found the characters well-developed and layered.
The revision replaces a vague, overused word with specific alternatives that actually tell the reader something meaningful.
| Concept | Key Point |
|---|---|
| Vocabulary range | Using diverse, precise words — not showing off obscure ones |
| Acceptable repetition | Key terms, rhetorical emphasis, function words |
| Problematic repetition | Content words repeated excessively without necessity |
| Highlight test | Underline repeated content words; flag those above threshold |
| Frequency thresholds | 3+ in a paragraph, 5+ in 500 words for non-topic words |
| Three types | Exact repetition, root repetition, semantic repetition |
| Reader impact | Monotony, perceived limited vocabulary, loss of precision |
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Once you have identified repetition in your writing, the next step is replacing repeated words with appropriate alternatives. This sounds simple, but careless synonym substitution is one of the most common mistakes writers make. A thesaurus can suggest 20 alternatives for a word, but only 2 or 3 of those alternatives will actually work in your specific sentence. This section teaches you to choose the right synonym every time — and to recognize when no synonym should be used at all.
Consider this sentence:
The company made a big profit last quarter.
A thesaurus offers these synonyms for "big": large, enormous, substantial, considerable, immense, colossal, mammoth, gargantuan, tremendous, significant.
Some of these work perfectly:
The company made a substantial profit last quarter. (Natural, appropriate)
The company made a considerable profit last quarter. (Natural, appropriate)
The company made a significant profit last quarter. (Natural, appropriate)
But others sound absurd:
The company made a mammoth profit last quarter. (Overly dramatic)
The company made a gargantuan profit last quarter. (Sounds like a parody)
The company made a colossal profit last quarter. (Hyperbolic for a business context)
The difference between a good synonym and a bad one comes down to three factors: connotation, register, and collocation.
Connotation is the emotional or associative meaning that a word carries beyond its dictionary definition. Two words can have the same basic meaning (denotation) but feel very different.
House / Home / Residence / Dwelling / Abode
| Word | Denotation | Connotation |
|---|---|---|
| house | a building where people live | Neutral, factual |
| home | a place where one lives | Warm, personal, emotional |
| residence | a place of dwelling | Formal, legal, impersonal |
| dwelling | a place to live | Slightly archaic or technical |
| abode | a place of residence | Literary, old-fashioned |
You would write "I went home" but not "I went to my abode." You would write "the suspect's residence" in a police report but not "the suspect's home" (too warm for legal context).
Cheap / Affordable / Inexpensive / Economical / Budget
| Word | Connotation |
|---|---|
| cheap | Negative — implies low quality |
| affordable | Positive — implies good value relative to income |
| inexpensive | Neutral — simply means low price |
| economical | Positive — implies efficient use of money |
| budget | Neutral to slightly negative — implies basic quality at low price |
If you are writing a product review, calling something "cheap" insults it. Calling it "affordable" praises it. Calling it "inexpensive" is neutral. The connotation you choose shapes the reader's perception.
Thin / Slim / Slender / Skinny / Gaunt / Emaciated
| Word | Connotation |
|---|---|
| thin | Neutral |
| slim | Positive — suggests attractiveness |
| slender | Positive — suggests elegance |
| skinny | Slightly negative — suggests too thin |
| gaunt | Negative — suggests unhealthy thinness |
| emaciated | Strongly negative — suggests starvation |
Replacing "thin" with "gaunt" does not just add variety — it changes the meaning entirely.
Before substituting a synonym, ask: Does the replacement word carry the same emotional charge as the original? If the original word is neutral, the replacement should be neutral. If the original is positive, the replacement should be positive.
Register refers to the level of formality appropriate to the context. The same concept can be expressed at different register levels:
| Informal | Neutral | Formal | Very Formal |
|---|---|---|---|
| kids | children | minors | juveniles |
| get | receive | obtain | procure |
| help | assist | aid | facilitate |
| ask | request | inquire | solicit |
| buy | purchase | acquire | procure |
| start | begin | commence | inaugurate |
| end | finish | conclude | terminate |
| enough | sufficient | adequate | satisfactory |
| fix | repair | rectify | remediate |
| tell | inform | notify | apprise |
| think | believe | consider | surmise |
| use | employ | utilize | leverage |
Using a word from the wrong register creates jarring effects:
Academic paper: "The researchers got some interesting results." (Too informal — use "obtained")
Casual email: "I wish to apprise you of my weekend plans." (Too formal — use "tell" or "let you know")
Business report: "We procured snacks for the meeting." (Too formal for the context — use "bought" or "ordered")
When choosing a synonym, match the register of the original word. If you are writing an academic essay and the word "show" feels too informal, "demonstrate" or "illustrate" are appropriate upgrades. But "elucidate" might be too formal even for academic writing unless you are in a highly specialized field.
Collocation refers to words that naturally pair together through established usage. Some word combinations sound natural; others do not, even if the individual words are correct.
| Natural (Correct) | Unnatural (Wrong) | Why |
|---|---|---|
| make a decision | do a decision | "Make" collocates with "decision" |
| take a risk | make a risk | "Take" collocates with "risk" |
| pay attention | give attention | "Pay" collocates with "attention" |
| heavy rain | strong rain | "Heavy" collocates with "rain" |
| strong wind | heavy wind | "Strong" collocates with "wind" |
| fast food | quick food | "Fast" collocates with "food" |
| commit a crime | do a crime | "Commit" collocates with "crime" |
| raise a question | lift a question | "Raise" collocates with "question" |
| conduct research | make research | "Conduct" collocates with "research" |
| reach an agreement | arrive at an agreement | "Reach" collocates with "agreement" (though "arrive at" is not wrong, "reach" is standard) |
When you replace a word with a synonym, you must check that the synonym collocates naturally with the surrounding words:
Original: "The company achieved great success."
Bad substitution: "The company attained great success." (Workable but slightly stiff)
Worse substitution: "The company procured great success." ("Procure" does not collocate with "success")
If you are unsure whether a collocation sounds natural, search for the phrase in quotation marks online or in a corpus. If it returns very few results, the collocation is probably unnatural.
When you need to replace a word, use this systematic approach:
Step 1: Identify the core meaning. What exactly does the original word express in this context?
Step 2: List 5-8 alternatives. Draw from your own vocabulary first; use a thesaurus only to jog your memory.
Step 3: Filter by connotation. Eliminate words with the wrong emotional charge.
Step 4: Filter by register. Eliminate words that are too formal or too informal for your context.
Step 5: Filter by collocation. Check that the remaining words pair naturally with the surrounding sentence.
Step 6: Choose the most precise. Among the survivors, pick the one that most exactly captures your intended meaning.
In a summary of a debate:
Original: Dr. Park said that the policy was effective. Critics said it was not. The moderator said the evidence was mixed.
Step 1: Core meaning = communicated verbally.
Step 2: Alternatives: stated, argued, claimed, asserted, contended, noted, observed, maintained, remarked, declared, suggested, insisted.
Step 3: Filter by connotation:
Step 4: Academic register — all these are appropriate.
Step 5: All collocate naturally with "that" clauses.
Step 6: Best revision:
Dr. Park argued that the policy was effective. Critics contended it was not. The moderator noted that the evidence was mixed.
Each verb now carries specific meaning: argued implies advocacy, contended implies opposition, noted implies neutral observation.
Synonym substitution is sometimes the wrong strategy. Recognize these situations:
Technical terms. In a scientific paper on mitochondria, do not switch to "powerhouse organelles" for variety. The technical term is the term.
Key thesis concepts. If your essay argues that "resilience" is undervalued in education, "resilience" is your keyword. Swapping in "toughness" or "persistence" blurs your argument because those words mean slightly different things.
Legal and contractual language. In legal writing, "shall" and "will" have specific distinct meanings. Do not substitute one for the other for variety.
Established labels. If a document introduces "Plan A" and "Plan B," do not later call them "the first option" and "the alternative proposal" just to avoid repetition. Consistency prevents confusion.
When the word must stay, use these techniques instead:
Replace a specific term with a broader category word, or vice versa:
Instead of repeating "Tesla": "The electric vehicle manufacturer..." / "The company..." / "The automaker..."
Instead of repeating "dogs": "The animals..." / "These pets..." / "Golden retrievers, in particular,..."
Replace nouns with pronouns or demonstratives when the reference is clear:
Repetitive: "The new policy will affect all employees. The new policy takes effect in January. The new policy requires monthly reporting."
Varied: "The new policy will affect all employees. It takes effect in January and requires monthly reporting."
Demonstratives work similarly:
"The company announced a restructuring plan. This decision surprised many analysts."
Sometimes you can avoid repeating a word by restructuring the sentence entirely:
Repetitive: "The research shows clear results. More research is needed. Future research should focus on long-term effects."
Restructured: "The research shows clear results, but further investigation is needed — particularly into long-term effects."
By combining three sentences into one, you eliminated two of the three repetitions and only needed one synonym.
| Concept | Key Point |
|---|---|
| Thesaurus danger | Most listed synonyms will not work in your specific sentence |
| Connotation | Words carry emotional associations beyond their definitions |
| Register | Formality level must match the writing context |
| Collocation | Some word pairings sound natural; others do not |
| Near-synonym ladder | 6-step process: meaning → list → connotation → register → collocation → precision |
| When not to substitute | Technical terms, thesis keywords, legal language, established labels |
| Alternative strategies | Superordinates, pronouns, demonstratives, sentence restructuring |
约7分钟阅读
This section provides practical replacement tables and transformation examples. Use these as tools during your revision process: write your first draft freely, then return here to find precise alternatives for overused words. Each table organizes alternatives by context and formality so you can choose the right word immediately.
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| effective | Describing results or methods | an effective strategy for reducing costs |
| beneficial | Describing positive impact | beneficial effects on public health |
| valuable | Describing worth or usefulness | a valuable contribution to the field |
| commendable | Praising effort or character | a commendable effort by the team |
| proficient | Describing skill level | proficient in data analysis |
| favorable | Describing conditions or outcomes | favorable market conditions |
| advantageous | Describing strategic benefit | an advantageous position for negotiation |
| exemplary | Describing exceptional quality | exemplary performance this quarter |
| sound | Describing logic or judgment | a sound argument supported by evidence |
| competent | Describing adequate ability | a competent but unremarkable performance |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| detrimental | Describing harmful effects | detrimental to long-term growth |
| inadequate | Describing insufficiency | inadequate funding for the project |
| flawed | Describing faulty reasoning or design | a flawed methodology |
| problematic | Describing something causing issues | a problematic assumption |
| substandard | Describing below-average quality | substandard working conditions |
| adverse | Describing negative conditions | adverse weather conditions |
| deficient | Describing a lack | deficient in key nutrients |
| unsatisfactory | Describing unmet expectations | unsatisfactory progress this semester |
| poor | Describing low quality (neutral tone) | poor air quality in urban areas |
| counterproductive | Describing actions that backfire | a counterproductive approach to discipline |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| essential | Describing absolute necessity | essential for maintaining biodiversity |
| crucial | Describing critical moments or decisions | a crucial turning point in the negotiations |
| significant | Describing notable impact or scale | a significant increase in enrollment |
| pivotal | Describing a key moment of change | a pivotal role in the company's recovery |
| fundamental | Describing core principles | fundamental to democratic governance |
| paramount | Describing the highest priority | Safety is paramount in construction |
| vital | Describing life-or-death or critical need | vital infrastructure for the community |
| critical | Describing urgency or importance | critical shortages in the supply chain |
| instrumental | Describing a key role or contribution | instrumental in securing the partnership |
| indispensable | Describing something that cannot be removed | an indispensable member of the team |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| compelling | Describing persuasive content | a compelling argument for reform |
| noteworthy | Describing something deserving attention | a noteworthy discovery in the archives |
| intriguing | Describing something that provokes curiosity | an intriguing pattern in the data |
| thought-provoking | Describing content that stimulates reflection | a thought-provoking documentary |
| engaging | Describing content that holds attention | an engaging presentation style |
| striking | Describing something visually or intellectually arresting | a striking contrast between the two policies |
| remarkable | Describing something worthy of comment | a remarkable achievement for such a young researcher |
| fascinating | Describing deep interest | a fascinating case study in behavioral economics |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| factor | Describing causes or influences | Several factors contributed to the decline |
| element | Describing components of a system | a key element of the proposal |
| aspect | Describing one dimension of a topic | an often-overlooked aspect of urban planning |
| component | Describing parts of a structure or plan | the core components of the curriculum |
| phenomenon | Describing an observable occurrence | a well-documented phenomenon in psychology |
| consideration | Describing something to think about | an important consideration for policymakers |
| issue | Describing a topic of concern | a pressing issue in modern healthcare |
| feature | Describing a characteristic | a distinctive feature of the architecture |
| variable | Describing a changeable factor (research) | controlling for all relevant variables |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| obtain | Formal acquisition | obtain permission from the ethics board |
| acquire | Gaining possession or skills | acquire new competencies through training |
| receive | Being given something | receive feedback from the instructor |
| achieve | Reaching a goal | achieve a passing score on the examination |
| gain | Accumulating gradually | gain experience in the field |
| secure | Obtaining with effort or guarantee | secure funding for the next fiscal year |
| earn | Deserving through effort | earn a reputation for reliability |
| attain | Reaching a level or standard | attain fluency in a second language |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| create | Producing something new | create opportunities for collaboration |
| develop | Building over time | develop a comprehensive training program |
| establish | Setting up formally | establish clear guidelines for conduct |
| construct | Building (physical or conceptual) | construct a persuasive argument |
| generate | Producing as output | generate revenue through new channels |
| produce | Manufacturing or yielding results | produce consistent results across trials |
| formulate | Creating through careful thought | formulate a hypothesis based on observations |
| craft | Making with skill and care | craft a compelling narrative |
| Very + Adjective | Stronger Alternative |
|---|---|
| very big | enormous, immense, vast |
| very small | tiny, minute, minuscule |
| very tired | exhausted, fatigued |
| very happy | elated, overjoyed, delighted |
| very sad | devastated, despondent, grief-stricken |
| very angry | furious, irate, livid |
| very scared | terrified, petrified |
| very hungry | ravenous, famished, starving |
| very cold | freezing, frigid, bitter |
| very hot | scorching, sweltering, blistering |
| very fast | rapid, swift, breakneck |
| very slow | sluggish, glacial, lethargic |
| very smart | brilliant, astute, shrewd |
| very old | ancient, aged, venerable |
| very new | novel, cutting-edge, brand-new |
| very beautiful | stunning, gorgeous, exquisite |
| very difficult | arduous, formidable, grueling |
| very easy | effortless, straightforward, trivial |
| very clear | transparent, unmistakable, evident |
| very confusing | bewildering, perplexing, baffling |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| demonstrate | Proving with evidence | The data demonstrates a clear correlation |
| illustrate | Explaining with examples | This case illustrates the broader trend |
| reveal | Uncovering something hidden | The audit revealed significant discrepancies |
| indicate | Pointing to a conclusion | Survey responses indicate widespread dissatisfaction |
| highlight | Drawing attention to key points | The report highlights three areas of concern |
| exhibit | Displaying characteristics | The patient exhibited symptoms of fatigue |
| suggest | Implying without certainty | Preliminary findings suggest a link |
| confirm | Verifying a hypothesis | The follow-up study confirmed the initial results |
| depict | Representing visually or descriptively | The graph depicts the growth trajectory |
| Alternative | Best Used In | Example |
|---|---|---|
| numerous | Countable items (formal) | numerous studies have examined this topic |
| substantial | Uncountable quantities | substantial evidence supports the claim |
| considerable | Degree or amount | considerable progress has been made |
| extensive | Scope or range | extensive research in this area |
| abundant | Plentiful supply | abundant natural resources |
| significant | Notable amount | a significant number of respondents |
| ample | More than enough | ample time to complete the assignment |
| widespread | Broad distribution | widespread support for the initiative |
Instead of repeating one form of a word, use different grammatical forms from the same family:
| Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|---|
| analysis | analyze | analytical | analytically |
| significance | signify | significant | significantly |
| effect | affect | effective | effectively |
| contribution | contribute | contributory | — |
| diversity | diversify | diverse | diversely |
| economy | economize | economic/economical | economically |
| persuasion | persuade | persuasive | persuasively |
| precision | — | precise | precisely |
| complexity | complicate | complex | — |
Example of word family variety:
Repetitive: "The analysis showed clear trends. Our analysis also revealed outliers. Further analysis is needed."
Varied with word families: "The analysis showed clear trends and revealed several outliers. These findings must be examined analytically before drawing conclusions."
Academic writing requires precise control over the strength of claims. Instead of defaulting to "very" and "really" as intensifiers, use calibrated hedging and boosting vocabulary.
| Strength | Hedging Words |
|---|---|
| Slight softening | somewhat, to some extent, in part, partially |
| Moderate softening | apparently, arguably, possibly, potentially |
| Strong softening | conceivably, tentatively, it could be argued that |
| Strength | Boosting Words |
|---|---|
| Moderate emphasis | notably, considerably, markedly, substantially |
| Strong emphasis | significantly, decisively, unequivocally, overwhelmingly |
| Superlative emphasis | indisputably, incontrovertibly, categorically |
Example:
Flat: "The results are very different from previous studies."
Hedged: "The results somewhat diverge from previous studies." (softens the claim)
Boosted: "The results markedly diverge from previous studies." (strengthens the claim)
The choice depends on your evidence. Do not boost beyond what your data supports.
Before:
Social media has had a big effect on society. It has changed how people communicate in important ways. One important change is that people can now share information very quickly. This is a good thing in some ways because it helps people stay informed. But it is also a bad thing because misinformation can spread very fast. A lot of researchers have studied this interesting topic.
After:
Social media has had a profound effect on society, fundamentally transforming how people communicate. One pivotal change is the speed at which information now travels. This development is beneficial in some respects — it helps people stay informed in real time. However, it is also detrimental because misinformation can spread at unprecedented speed. Numerous researchers have investigated this compelling topic.
Changes: big→profound, important→fundamentally/pivotal, very quickly→(removed, implied by context), good→beneficial, bad→detrimental, very fast→unprecedented speed, a lot of→numerous, interesting→compelling.
Before:
We need to make some changes to get better results. The current approach has a lot of problems and is not very good. It is important to make a new plan that will make our processes better. We should get input from all departments and make sure everyone is involved.
After:
We need to implement changes to achieve stronger results. The current approach has numerous shortcomings and is largely ineffective. It is essential to develop a revised plan that will streamline our processes. We should gather input from all departments and ensure full participation.
Changes: make→implement/develop/ensure, get→achieve/gather, a lot of→numerous, very good→largely ineffective, important→essential, better→streamline, make sure→ensure.
| Resource | What It Covers |
|---|---|
| 10 overused words | 8-10 alternatives each, organized by context |
| Very + adjective | 20 combinations with stronger single-word replacements |
| Word families | Using noun/verb/adjective/adverb forms for variety |
| Hedging and boosting | Calibrated vocabulary for academic claim strength |
| Paragraph transformations | Full before/after rewrites demonstrating all techniques |
约5分钟阅读
This section is designed as a quick-reference guide. Bookmark it and return whenever you need to check your vocabulary range, find a replacement for an overused word, or review your editing workflow.
Use this process on any draft before submitting:
Step 1: The Highlight Test Read your essay and highlight every content word (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) that appears more than twice. Skip function words (the, a, is, of, in, and, to, etc.).
Step 2: Count and Flag For each highlighted word, count its occurrences. Flag any word that appears:
Step 3: Classify Each Repetition For each flagged word, ask:
Step 4: Replace or Restructure For each word that needs revision:
Step 5: Read Aloud Read the revised text aloud. Listen for any remaining monotony or awkward substitutions. A word that looks fine on paper sometimes sounds forced when spoken.
| Overused Word | Academic Context | Business Context | General Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | effective, sound, rigorous, robust, exemplary | efficient, productive, profitable, strong, optimal | great, excellent, solid, fine, positive |
| bad | flawed, inadequate, deficient, problematic, erroneous | inefficient, substandard, underperforming, costly, detrimental | poor, weak, terrible, harmful, negative |
| important | significant, essential, critical, fundamental, pivotal | strategic, key, high-priority, vital, mission-critical | crucial, major, central, meaningful, necessary |
| interesting | noteworthy, compelling, significant, intriguing, instructive | promising, notable, relevant, strategic, attention-worthy | fascinating, engaging, striking, surprising, remarkable |
| thing(s) | factor, phenomenon, variable, element, consideration | item, deliverable, component, asset, issue | aspect, point, detail, part, feature |
| get | obtain, acquire, derive, achieve, yield | secure, procure, generate, capture, gain | receive, find, pick up, earn, land |
| make | develop, formulate, construct, generate, produce | implement, execute, deliver, create, establish | build, design, craft, put together, form |
| show | demonstrate, indicate, illustrate, reveal, suggest | present, highlight, outline, report, convey | display, prove, point out, exhibit, depict |
| very | highly, considerably, markedly, particularly, notably | significantly, substantially, exceptionally, extremely, remarkably | really, especially, incredibly, genuinely, truly |
| a lot of | numerous, extensive, substantial, considerable, abundant | significant, multiple, various, diverse, sizable | many, plenty of, scores of, a wealth of, countless |
Before substituting any word, run through these five checks:
| # | Check | Question to Ask | If the Answer Is No |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Meaning | Does the synonym mean exactly what I intend? | Do not use it — even slight meaning differences can distort your point |
| 2 | Connotation | Does it carry the same emotional tone (positive/neutral/negative)? | Find an alternative with the right connotation |
| 3 | Register | Does it match the formality level of my writing? | Choose a word from the appropriate register |
| 4 | Collocation | Does it pair naturally with the surrounding words? | Test the phrase — if it sounds awkward, try another word |
| 5 | Comprehension | Do I fully understand this word and use it confidently? | Use a word you know well — never bluff with vocabulary |
The golden rule: If you have any doubt about a synonym, do not use it. A simple, correctly used word is always better than a sophisticated, incorrectly used one.
What it is: Replacing every repeated word with the most impressive-sounding synonym from a thesaurus, regardless of fit.
What it looks like:
Original: "The city has many old buildings."
Thesaurus syndrome: "The metropolis possesses a plethora of antiquated edifices."
Why it fails: The revision sounds pretentious and unnatural. "Metropolis" implies a huge city (which may not be accurate). "Plethora" implies an excessive, unwanted amount. "Antiquated" implies outdated and useless, not historically valuable. "Edifices" is needlessly ornate.
Better revision: "The city has numerous historic buildings." — Simple, accurate, and varied enough.
What it is: Using overly formal vocabulary when the context does not call for it.
What it looks like:
Email to a colleague: "I wish to ascertain whether you have procured the requisite documentation for the forthcoming assembly."
Better: "Do you have the documents ready for tomorrow's meeting?"
Formal vocabulary is a tool, not a default. Use it when the context demands formality — academic papers, legal documents, formal reports — not in everyday communication.
What it is: Using a word because it sounds sophisticated, without fully understanding its meaning or usage.
Common examples:
| Word | Common Misuse | Actual Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ironic | Used to mean "coincidental" | A situation where the outcome is the opposite of what was expected |
| literally | Used as an intensifier ("I literally died") | Actually, in a non-figurative sense |
| enormity | Used to mean "enormousness" | Extreme evil or moral outrage (not just large size) |
| comprise | "comprised of" (incorrect) | The whole comprises the parts; the parts compose the whole |
| penultimate | Used to mean "the very best/ultimate" | Second to last |
| bemused | Used to mean "amused" | Confused or bewildered |
The rule: If you cannot use a word in three different correct sentences from memory, you do not know it well enough to use it in formal writing.
What it is: Substituting a different word for a key term each time it appears, creating confusion about whether you are referring to the same thing.
Confusing: "The study examined 500 participants. The research found that most preferred option A. This investigation confirms previous analyses."
The reader is left wondering: Are these four different things or the same thing? In this case they are all the same study, but the constant variation obscures that fact.
Better: "The study examined 500 participants and found that most preferred option A. These findings confirm previous research."
Use synonyms for variety, but do not sacrifice clarity for the sake of avoiding repetition.
Follow these steps during your revision process. Do vocabulary revision as a separate editing pass — do not try to fix vocabulary while you are still working on structure or argument.
Complete your draft. Write freely without worrying about word choice. Get all your ideas on paper first.
Let it rest. If possible, wait at least a few hours before revising. Fresh eyes catch repetition more easily.
Run the highlight test. Read through and mark every repeated content word. Use the frequency thresholds to identify problems.
Prioritize. Fix the most-repeated words first. If "important" appears 8 times and "suggest" appears 3 times, fix "important" first.
Apply the synonym decision checklist. For each word you want to replace, run through all five checks (meaning, connotation, register, collocation, comprehension).
Check for root repetition. Scan for word families that cluster together (develop/development/developing). Vary the forms or find alternatives.
Eliminate semantic repetition. Look for sentences that say the same thing in different words. Keep the strongest version and delete the rest.
Read aloud. Listen for any remaining monotony or awkward phrasing. If a substitution sounds forced, try a different word or restructure the sentence.
Final check. Run the highlight test one more time to confirm that repetition has been reduced to acceptable levels.
These common words tend to signal repetition problems when they appear 3 or more times in a short piece. If you notice any of these recurring in your writing, check whether alternatives would improve your vocabulary range.
| Category | Red-Flag Words |
|---|---|
| Vague adjectives | good, bad, big, small, nice, important, interesting, great, different, new |
| Vague verbs | get, make, do, have, go, come, take, give, put, use |
| Vague nouns | thing, stuff, way, area, place, people, aspect, situation, issue, point |
| Overused intensifiers | very, really, extremely, incredibly, absolutely, totally, completely |
| Overused transitions | however, therefore, furthermore, moreover, additionally, also |
| Overused opinion markers | I think, I believe, in my opinion, I feel, it seems |
| Resource | What It Covers |
|---|---|
| Self-diagnosis checklist | 5-step process for evaluating vocabulary range in any draft |
| Quick-lookup table | Top 5 replacements for 10 overused words across 3 contexts |
| Synonym decision checklist | 5 checks before substituting any word |
| Vocabulary traps | Thesaurus syndrome, over-formality, unknown words, elegant variation |
| Editing workflow | 9-step revision process focused on vocabulary improvement |
| Red-flag words | 60+ words that signal potential repetition problems |
Word Ivy