约8分钟阅读
大多数英语名词既有单数形式,也有复数形式。单数指一个;复数指两个或更多。许多复数遵循可以预测的规则,但英语中也有相当数量的不规则复数,必须逐个记住。本节会讲这两类复数,以及根本没有复数形式的不可数名词。
绝大多数英语名词在单数形式后加一个后缀来构成复数。加什么后缀,取决于这个词的结尾。
大多数名词只需在词尾加 -s:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| book | books |
| chair | chairs |
| idea | ideas |
| student | students |
| report | reports |
当一个词以咝音(sibilant sound,一种嘶嘶声或嗡嗡声)结尾时,加 -es,多出一个音节,让这个词读得出来:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| bus | buses |
| wish | wishes |
| watch | watches |
| box | boxes |
| quiz | quizzes |
注意: 有些以 -z 结尾的词要先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加 -es:quiz 变成 quizzes,fez 变成 fezzes。
当一个词以辅音字母加 -y 结尾时,把 y 改成 i,再加 -es:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| city | cities |
| study | studies |
| country | countries |
| opportunity | opportunities |
| strategy | strategies |
重要: 如果 -y 前面是元音字母,照常加 -s 即可:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| day | days |
| key | keys |
| boy | boys |
| essay | essays |
| survey | surveys |
许多以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的名词,复数要变成 -ves:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| leaf | leaves |
| knife | knives |
| wolf | wolves |
| life | lives |
| half | halves |
例外: 有些以 -f 结尾的词直接加 -s:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| roof | roofs |
| chief | chiefs |
| belief | beliefs |
| cliff | cliffs |
提示: 拿不准 -f 结尾的词时,查一下词典。没有简单的规则能预测某个词遵循哪种变化。
以 -o 结尾的词可能加 -s,也可能加 -es。遗憾的是,这又是一个规律不太可靠的地方:
加 -es:
加 -s:
大致的倾向是:来自外语(尤其是意大利语和西班牙语)的词往往加 -s,而较古老的英语词往往加 -es。但例外很多,拿不准时要核实。
有些英语名词构成复数的方式不遵循上面任何一条规则。这些必须逐个学习。
一小组非常常用的名词会改变词中的元音:
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| foot | feet |
| tooth | teeth |
| goose | geese |
| mouse | mice |
| louse | lice |
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| child | children |
| ox | oxen |
有些名词的单数和复数是同一个形式:
| 单数/复数 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| sheep | One sheep / twenty sheep |
| fish | One fish / many fish |
| deer | One deer / several deer |
| aircraft | One aircraft / two aircraft |
| species | One species / many species |
| series | One series / three series |
学术和科技写作经常使用从拉丁语和希腊语借来的名词。其中许多保留了原来的复数形式:
| 单数 | 复数 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|
| criterion | criteria | 希腊语 |
| phenomenon | phenomena | 希腊语 |
| thesis | theses | 希腊语 |
| analysis | analyses | 希腊语 |
| basis | bases | 希腊语 |
| datum | data | 拉丁语 |
| medium | media | 拉丁语 |
| formula | formulae / formulas | 拉丁语 |
| appendix | appendices / appendixes | 拉丁语 |
| index | indices / indexes | 拉丁语 |
关于 data: 在日常英语中,data 越来越多地被当作不可数的单数名词使用("the data shows...")。在正式的学术写作中,许多写作规范仍然倾向于把它当作复数("the data show...")。按你的读者所期待的惯例来处理。
英语中有些名词是不可数的(uncountable,也叫物质名词,mass nouns)。它们指的是无法分成单个个体的物质、概念或类别。不可数名词没有复数形式,谓语动词永远用单数。
不可数名词的常见类别:
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| information | |
| advice / pieces of advice | |
| furniture / pieces of furniture | |
| research / research studies | |
| equipment / pieces of equipment | |
| homework / homework assignments |
要表达不可数名词的数量,就用一个计量表达:
交稿之前,按下面几条排查常见的复数错误:
约8分钟阅读
数量词(quantifier)是表示你所谈论的事物有多少(how much / how many)的词和短语。选对数量词取决于一个关键的区分:这个名词是可数的还是不可数的。
可数名词(countable noun)可以一个一个地数,既有单数形式也有复数形式:one book, two books; one idea, three ideas。
不可数名词(uncountable noun)无法一个一个地数,没有复数形式:water(不能说 waters)、information(不能说 informations)、furniture(不能说 furnitures)。
你选用的数量词必须与它所修饰的名词类型相匹配。
Many 用于可数名词(复数):
Much 用于不可数名词:
用法说明: 在肯定句中,much 和 many 可能听起来正式或生硬。在日常写作中,往往更常用 a lot of:
- 正式:The project requires much planning.
- 中性:The project requires a lot of planning.
不过,much 和 many 用在疑问句和否定句中完全自然。
Few 用于可数名词。Little 用于不可数名词。两者都表示数量少。
这是英语数量词中最重要的区分之一。有没有 a,意思完全不同:
| 数量词 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| few | 几乎没有(否定) | Few people attended the meeting.(人数少得令人失望) |
| a few | 有一些、够了(肯定) | A few people attended the meeting.(人数不多,但还可以) |
| little | 几乎没有(否定) | There is little hope of recovery.(几乎没有希望) |
| a little | 有一些、够了(肯定) | There is a little hope of recovery.(还有一些希望) |
这个区别很细微,但意义重大。比较一下:
He has few friends. → 他很孤独;几乎没有人和他亲近。
He has a few friends. → 他有一些朋友;人数不多,但够了。
We have little time left. → 我们几乎没时间了。快点。
We have a little time left. → 我们还有一点时间。来得及。
提示: 把 a few / a little 看作乐观的("some",「有一些」),把不带 a 的 few / little 看作悲观的("hardly any",「几乎没有」)。
Some 和 any 都可以用于可数和不可数名词,但它们出现在不同类型的句子里。
| 语境 | 用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | some | I have some questions. / There is some milk in the fridge. |
| 否定句 | any | I don't have any questions. / There isn't any milk left. |
| 疑问句 | any(通常) | Do you have any questions? / Is there any milk? |
当你预期得到肯定回答或是在提供某物时,疑问句中用 some:
当你想表达「哪个都行」时,肯定句中用 any:
这三个表达都表示数量多,可数和不可数名词都能用:
A lot of 和 lots of 可以互换,适用于大多数语境。Plenty of 多了一层「绰绰有余」的意味。
正式程度说明: 在学术写作中,优先用 many、much、numerous 或 a great deal of,而不是 a lot of 或 lots of,后两者被认为有些非正式。
Enough 意思是「需要多少就有多少」,可数和不可数名词都能用:
Enough 也可以放在形容词或副词之后:
注意位置上的区别:enough 放在名词之前,但放在形容词和副词之后。
No 直接修饰名词,可数和不可数名词都能用:
None 单独使用(后面不直接跟名词),或者后面接 of:
none 的主谓一致: 当 none of 后面跟复数名词时,谓语用单数或复数都可以接受,但单数更正式:
- None of the reports was submitted on time.(正式)
- None of the reports were submitted on time.(可以接受)
| 数量词 | 可数 | 不可数 |
|---|---|---|
| many | 可以 | 不可以 |
| much | 不可以 | 可以 |
| few / a few | 可以 | 不可以 |
| little / a little | 不可以 | 可以 |
| some | 可以 | 可以 |
| any | 可以 | 可以 |
| a lot of / lots of | 可以 | 可以 |
| plenty of | 可以 | 可以 |
| enough | 可以 | 可以 |
| no / none | 可以 | 可以 |
约7分钟阅读
写作和修改时,可以把本节当作快速查阅资料。它把前面几节的关键规则、表格和常见错误汇总到了一处。
下面是你在学术、商务和一般写作中最常遇到的不规则复数。它们无法用规则推断,必须记住。
| 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| child | children |
| foot | feet |
| tooth | teeth |
| mouse | mice |
| goose | geese |
| person | people |
| 单词 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| sheep | The farmer owns 200 sheep. |
| fish | We caught several fish. |
| deer | Three deer crossed the road. |
| aircraft | The airport handles 50 aircraft daily. |
| species | Hundreds of species are endangered. |
| series | Netflix released two new series. |
| means | Several means of transport are available. |
| 单数 | 复数 | 用法示例 |
|---|---|---|
| criterion | criteria | The criteria for selection are strict. |
| phenomenon | phenomena | These phenomena require further study. |
| datum | data | The data suggest a trend. |
| medium | media | Social media influence public opinion. |
| thesis | theses | She reviewed three doctoral theses. |
| analysis | analyses | Multiple analyses confirmed the result. |
| hypothesis | hypotheses | Both hypotheses were tested. |
| appendix | appendices | See the appendices for raw data. |
| formula | formulae / formulas | The formulae are complex. |
| curriculum | curricula | The curricula differ across departments. |
| alumnus(男)/ alumna(女) | alumni / alumnae | The alumni donated generously. |
| stimulus | stimuli | The stimuli were presented randomly. |
| bacterium | bacteria | The bacteria were identified. |
| nucleus | nuclei | The nuclei were examined under a microscope. |
根据名词类型和想表达的意思,用这张表快速确定该用哪个数量词。
| 名词类型 | 正式 | 中性 | 非正式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 可数 | many, numerous | a lot of | lots of, tons of |
| 不可数 | much, a great deal of | a lot of | lots of, tons of |
| 两者皆可 | a large number of (C) / a large amount of (U) | plenty of | loads of |
| 名词类型 | 肯定含义("some",「有一些」) | 否定含义("hardly any",「几乎没有」) |
|---|---|---|
| 可数 | a few | few |
| 不可数 | a little | little |
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| no + 名词 | No students attended. / No progress was made. |
| not any + 名词 | There weren't any errors. / There isn't any time. |
| none(单独使用) | How many responded? None. |
| none of + 名词 | None of the answers were correct. |
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| enough + 名词 | We have enough evidence. / There are enough chairs. |
| 形容词 + enough | The sample is large enough. |
| 句子类型 | 默认选择 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | some | I need some help. |
| 否定句 | any | I don't need any help. |
| 疑问句 | any | Do you need any help? |
| 提供/礼貌请求 | some | Would you like some coffee? |
| 「哪个都行」 | any | Any option will work. |
许多写作错误来自把不可数名词当成可数名词,或者反过来。这张表列出了最容易出问题的名词。
| 名词 | 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|---|
| information | information / pieces of information | |
| advice | advice / pieces of advice | |
| research | research / research studies | |
| knowledge | knowledge | |
| evidence | evidence / pieces of evidence | |
| furniture | furniture / pieces of furniture | |
| equipment | equipment / pieces of equipment | |
| luggage | luggage / pieces of luggage | |
| homework | homework / homework assignments | |
| progress | progress | |
| vocabulary | vocabulary / vocabulary items | |
| traffic | traffic | |
| feedback | feedback / pieces of feedback | |
| software | software / software programs |
有些名词在一种意思下可数,在另一种意思下不可数:
| 名词 | 不可数(泛指) | 可数(具体) |
|---|---|---|
| experience | She has a lot of experience.(总体的专业经验) | She had many interesting experiences.(一次次的经历) |
| paper | I need some paper.(材料) | She published three papers.(学术论文) |
| glass | The window is made of glass.(材料) | She drank two glasses of water.(容器) |
| work | I have too much work.(总体的工作任务) | The museum displays works by Picasso.(艺术作品) |
| time | We don't have much time.(时长) | I've been there three times.(次数) |
| light | There isn't enough light.(光线) | The room has two lights.(灯) |
| coffee | I drink a lot of coffee.(咖啡这种饮品) | I'd like two coffees, please.(几杯咖啡) |
| hair | She has long hair.(全部头发) | There are two hairs on your jacket.(一根根头发) |
这张表汇总了学生和职场写作中最常出现的错误。
| 错误 | 更正 | 规则 |
|---|---|---|
| children | 不规则复数 | |
| teeth | 元音变化型复数 | |
| criteria(本身就是复数) | 希腊语复数;单数是 criterion | |
| phenomena | 希腊语复数 | |
| data(本身就是复数/不可数) | 拉丁语;当作复数或不可数名词使用 | |
| men / women | 元音变化型复数 | |
| mice | 不规则复数(但指电脑鼠标时 computer mouses 可以接受) | |
| cities | 辅音字母 + y → -ies | |
| boxes | 咝音结尾 → -es | |
| knives | -fe → -ves |
| 错误 | 更正 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| many people | People 是可数名词 | |
| much information | Information 是不可数名词 | |
| fewer problems | Problems 是可数名词(用 fewer) | |
| fewer people | People 是可数名词 | |
| a little water | Water 是不可数名词 | |
| little progress | Progress 是不可数名词 |
Fewer 与 Less: 可数名词用 fewer,不可数名词用 less。这是英语中最常被违反的规则之一:
- fewer mistakes(可数)/ less confusion(不可数)
- fewer employees(可数)/ less staff(不可数)
- fewer hours(可数)/ less time(不可数)
交稿之前,逐条排查以下问题: