约8分钟阅读
现实中的写作，大多数句子都不止用一种时态。只要一个句子描述的事件或状态分属不同的时间范围，动词形式就必须随之变化。弄清一个句子内部的时态在什么时候变、为什么变，是英语高阶语法的基础。
先看一个完全处在同一时间范围内的简单句：
She works at a hospital.
再看一个连接两个不同时间范围的句子：
She works at the hospital where she trained as a medical student.
这里的 "works" 是一般现在时（她目前的工作），"trained" 是一般过去时（过去已完成的事）。两个时态都正确，因为它们描述的是不同的时间点。硬把两个动词统一成同一时态，要么造成事实错误，要么让句子读起来别扭。
核心原则：只要时间参照站得住，句子里的每个分句都可以有自己的时态。
这个句式把当前的状态与造成它的过去事件连接起来。
| 例句 | 现在时分句 | 过去时分句 |
|---|---|---|
| I am tired because I worked late. | am（一般现在时） | worked（一般过去时） |
| She knows the answer because she has studied this topic. | knows（一般现在时） | has studied（现在完成时） |
| They are living abroad since they lost their jobs. | are living（现在进行时） | lost（一般过去时） |
两件过去的事发生在不同时间时，较早的用过去完成时，较晚的用一般过去时。
| 例句 | 较晚的事件（一般过去时） | 较早的事件（过去完成时） |
|---|---|---|
| He realized he had forgotten his keys. | realized | had forgotten |
| When we arrived, the meeting had already started. | arrived | had already started |
| She didn't recognize him because he had changed so much. | didn't recognize | had changed |
用现在完成时把过去的动作与当前的状况联系起来。
| 例句 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I have read the report, so I understand the issue. | 过去的阅读带来现在的理解 |
| She has lived in five countries, and she speaks four languages. | 人生经历解释了现在的能力 |
把当前的认知或状态与将来的动作连接起来。
| 例句 | 现在时分句 | 将来时分句 |
|---|---|---|
| I know he will arrive tomorrow. | know（现在时） | will arrive（将来时） |
| Because the road is closed, we are going to take a detour. | is（现在时） | are going to take（将来时） |
时间状语从句由 when、before、after、until、as soon as、while、by the time、once 这类连词引导。这类从句遵循一套特殊的时态规则，与其他从句不同。
主句表示将来时，时间状语从句用一般现在时（不用 will）。
| 正确 | 错误 |
|---|---|
| I will call you when I arrive. | I will call you when I |
| We will eat after she finishes. | We will eat after she |
| As soon as the rain stops, we will leave. | As soon as the rain |
这条规则同样适用于时间状语从句中表示将来已完成动作的现在完成时：
I will send you the report once I have reviewed it.
叙述过去的事情时，时间状语从句通常用一般过去时；主句则根据先后顺序用一般过去时或过去完成时。
When she arrived, the concert had already begun. He left before anyone noticed.
连词 while 通常与进行时搭配，表示一个持续的背景动作。
While I was cooking, the phone rang. While she is studying, her brother plays video games.
定语从句（由 who、which、that、where、when 引导）可以使用与主句不同的时态。从句的时态反映它所描述的那个事件实际发生的时间。
The company is hiring people who have experience in data analysis.（现在时 + 现在完成时）
He married a woman who had grown up in the same village.（过去时 + 过去完成时）
The house that they are building now will be completed next year.（现在进行时 + 将来时）
有些写作者会把所有动词都改成同一时态，哪怕它们的时间参照并不相同。
| 错误 | 正确 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| She said she is happy.（如果是在转述过去说过的话） | She said she was happy. | 转述引语（reported speech）中必须时态后移 |
| I worked here since 2019. | I have worked here since 2019. | "Since" 表示持续至今的状态，要用现在完成时 |
这是各个水平的学习者都最常犯的错误之一。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| When I will see him, I will tell him. | When I see him, I will tell him. |
| I'll wait until you will finish. | I'll wait until you finish. |
| 错误 | 正确 | 规则 |
|---|---|---|
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | 有明确的过去时间标志词，就用一般过去时 |
| She went to Paris three times.（如果她还在世） | She has been to Paris three times. | 没有结束时间的人生经历 ＝ 现在完成时 |
写含多种时态的句子时，按这个流程来：
约10分钟阅读
转述引语（reported speech，也叫间接引语）是句内时态发生变化最重要的场合之一。当你转述别人说过的话时，原话中的时态通常会整体向前推一步。这个过程叫作时态后移（backshift）。
直接引语原样引用说话人的话：
Maria said, "I am working on the project."
间接引语（转述引语）转述说过的内容，不加引号：
Maria said that she was working on the project.
注意 "am" 变成了 "was"。时态之所以向后推，是因为我们是站在更晚的时间点上转述的——说话的那一刻现在已经成了过去。
当转述动词用过去时（said、told、mentioned、explained 等）时，被转述分句中的时态作如下变化：
| 直接引语（原话） | 转述引语（后移后） | 变化 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时："I work here." | 一般过去时：He said he worked there. | work → worked |
| 现在进行时："I am reading." | 过去进行时：She said she was reading. | am reading → was reading |
| 现在完成时："I have finished." | 过去完成时：He said he had finished. | have finished → had finished |
| 现在完成进行时："I have been waiting." | 过去完成进行时：She said she had been waiting. | have been waiting → had been waiting |
| 一般过去时："I saw it." | 过去完成时：He said he had seen it. | saw → had seen |
| 过去进行时："I was sleeping." | 过去完成进行时：She said she had been sleeping. | was sleeping → had been sleeping |
| Will："I will help." | Would：He said he would help. | will → would |
| Can："I can swim." | Could：She said she could swim. | can → could |
| May："I may leave." | Might：He said he might leave. | may → might |
| Must："I must go." | Had to：She said she had to go. | must → had to |
| Shall："I shall return." | Would：He said he would return. | shall → would |
重要： 过去完成时和过去完成进行时不再继续后移，保持原样：
"I had already left." → She said she had already left.
同样，could、would、should、might 和 ought to 也不变：
"I could help." → He said he could help.
时态后移影响的不只是动词时态。人称代词、时间表达和地点指称也要随转述者的视角改变。
| 直接引语 | 转述引语 |
|---|---|
| I / me / my | he, she / him, her / his, her |
| we / us / our | they / them / their |
| you（视语境而定） | I, he, she, they（取决于原话说给谁听） |
| 直接引语 | 转述引语 |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| now | then / at that time |
| this week | that week |
| last year | the year before / the previous year |
| next month | the following month |
| here | there |
| ago | before / earlier |
完整示例：
直接引语："I will finish the report here today," James said. 转述引语：James said that he would finish the report there that day.
并不是每一句转述都需要后移。以下几种例外是公认的。
当被转述的内容描述的是永远成立的事实时，后移与否都可以。许多作者和文体指南更倾向于保留现在时。
The professor explained that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. She told us that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
用现在时（"boils"、"revolves"）和用过去时（"boiled"、"revolved"）在语法上都说得通，但现在时更自然，因为这些事实依然成立。
如果你转述的是片刻之前说的话，而且情况没有变化，后移与否都可以。
He just said he is coming.（可以——这话是几秒钟前说的） He just said he was coming.（也可以——标准的时态后移）
当被转述的信息在转述时仍然成立，有些作者会选择不后移。
She said she lives in Tokyo.（她现在仍然住在那里） She said she lived in Tokyo.（有歧义——可能暗示她已经不住那里了）
这种情况下用现在时可以更清楚，但两种形式都正确。
当转述动词本身是现在时时，不发生后移。
He says he is happy. She tells me she will arrive soon.
这在新闻报道、学术写作和日常口语中都很常见。
转述疑问句既要遵守后移规则，还要把疑问语序改成陈述语序。
用 if 或 whether 引导转述后的一般疑问句。
直接引语："Do you like coffee?" 转述引语：She asked if I liked coffee.
直接引语："Have you been to Japan?" 转述引语：He asked whether I had been to Japan.
保留疑问词，但要改成陈述语序（主语在动词之前）。
直接引语："Where do you live?" 转述引语：She asked where I lived.（不能说：where did I live）
直接引语："What are you doing?" 转述引语：He asked what I was doing.（不能说：what was I doing）
命令和请求用 to + 动词不定式（动词本身不发生后移）。
直接引语："Close the door." 转述引语：She told me to close the door.
直接引语："Don't touch that." 转述引语：He told us not to touch that.
直接引语："Please sit down." 转述引语：She asked me to sit down.
转述建议时，用 advised + to 不定式：
直接引语："You should see a doctor." 转述引语：He advised me to see a doctor.
不同的转述动词要求不同的语法结构。
| 动词 | 句型 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| say | said (that) + 从句 | He said that he was tired. |
| tell | told + 人 + (that) + 从句 | She told me that she was leaving. |
| ask | asked + if/whether/wh- + 从句 | He asked if I had finished. |
| explain | explained (that) + 从句 | She explained that the system was down. |
| suggest | suggested + -ing / that + 从句 | He suggested meeting later. / He suggested that we meet later. |
| promise | promised + to 不定式 / that + 从句 | She promised to help. / She promised that she would help. |
| warn | warned + 人 + (not) to 不定式 | He warned us not to go there. |
| deny | denied + -ing | She denied taking the money. |
| admit | admitted + -ing / that + 从句 | He admitted making a mistake. |
| refuse | refused + to 不定式 | She refused to answer. |
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| She asked where did I work. | She asked where I worked. |
| He wanted to know what was I doing. | He wanted to know what I was doing. |
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| He said he is busy.（转述的是过去说的话，且并非刚刚） | He said he was busy. |
| She told me she will come. | She told me she would come. |
过去完成时已经是「最深」的过去形式，不要再往前推。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| She said she had had finished the work. | She said she had finished the work. |
约10分钟阅读
条件句表达假设的情形及其后果。四种基本条件句（零条件句、第一、第二、第三条件句）各有固定的时态搭配，但高阶英语中经常出现混合条件句（mixed conditionals）——跨越这些类型边界的组合。掌握这些组合，才能表达时间、现实与可能性之间的复杂关系。
在进入混合形式之前，先把四种标准类型总结如下。
| 类型 | If 从句 | 主句 | 用途 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 零条件句 | 一般现在时 | 一般现在时 | 普遍真理、习惯 | If you heat water, it boils. |
| 第一条件句 | 一般现在时 | Will + 动词原形 | 真实、很可能发生的将来 | If it rains, I will stay home. |
| 第二条件句 | 一般过去时 | Would + 动词原形 | 与现在或将来事实相反 | If I had money, I would travel. |
| 第三条件句 | 过去完成时 | Would have + 过去分词 | 与过去事实相反 | If she had studied, she would have passed. |
这种组合用第三条件句的 if 从句配上第二条件句的主句。它描述一件过去没有发生的事，并设想它对现在的影响。
句式： If + 过去完成时, would + 动词原形
If I had accepted that job offer, I would be living in London now. （过去我没有接受那份工作 → 现在我不在伦敦。）
If she had studied medicine, she would be a doctor today. （她没有学医 → 她现在不是医生。）
If they hadn't moved to the countryside, they would still live in the city. （他们搬走了 → 他们现在不住在城里了。）
当你想表达过去的某个决定或事件如何塑造了当前的处境时，用这种形式。它在反思性写作、历史事件分析以及跨时间的因果讨论中特别有用。
If the company had invested in renewable energy five years ago, it would be in a much stronger financial position today.
这种组合用第二条件句的 if 从句配上第三条件句的主句。它描述一种长期或一贯的特征，并设想这一特征如何影响了过去的某个情形。
句式： If + 一般过去时, would have + 过去分词
If I spoke Japanese, I would have understood the conversation. （我不会日语（一贯如此）→ 当时我没听懂那段对话（过去）。）
If she weren't so stubborn, she would have apologized by now. （她很固执（现在的性格）→ 她一直没有道歉（过去的结果）。）
If he were a better driver, he wouldn't have crashed the car. （他车开得不好（现在）→ 他把车撞了（过去）。）
当某人当下的性格、能力或处境正是过去某件事发生或没发生的原因时，用这种形式。它常见于人物分析、绩效评估和反思性文章。
If the government were more transparent, the public would have trusted its response to the crisis.
wish 和 if only 这两个结构表达遗憾、愿望或不满。它们的时态规律与条件句系统相呼应。
表达希望当前的情况有所不同。
I wish I knew the answer.（我现在并不知道答案。） If only she had more time.（她的时间不够。） He wishes he lived closer to work.（他住得离单位很远。）
表达对过去发生（或没有发生）的事情感到遗憾。
I wish I had studied harder.（我当时不够用功。） If only they had listened to the warnings.（他们没把警告当回事。） She wishes she hadn't said that.（她说了一句让自己后悔的话。）
表达希望某人或某事改变做法，或者对持续的状况感到不耐烦。
I wish you would stop interrupting me.（你老是打断我。） If only it would stop raining.（雨还在下。） She wishes he would be more careful.（他做事粗心。）
重要： 不要用 wish + would 来说自己，说自己要用 wish + 一般过去时。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| I wish I would be taller. | I wish I were taller. |
| I wish I would know the answer. | I wish I knew the answer. |
在正式写作（学术、商务、法律）中，常规的 if 可以换成更考究的结构。
把 if + 主语 + were 换成 were + 主语。
常规：If I were the manager, I would change this policy. 正式：Were I the manager, I would change this policy.
常规：If it were not for your help, we would have failed. 正式：Were it not for your help, we would have failed.
把 if + 主语 + had 换成 had + 主语。
常规：If she had known, she would have acted differently. 正式：Had she known, she would have acted differently.
常规：If they had not intervened, the situation would have worsened. 正式：Had they not intervened, the situation would have worsened.
在正式语体中，或当事情不太可能发生时，把第一条件句的 if + 主语 + 动词 换成 should + 主语 + 动词。
常规：If you have any questions, please contact us. 正式：Should you have any questions, please contact us.
常规：If the package arrives damaged, return it immediately. 正式：Should the package arrive damaged, return it immediately.
这几个表达在引出条件的同时，带有更强的正式感或强调意味。
You may leave early provided that you finish your work. The offer is valid on condition that payment is received within 30 days. We will proceed as long as all parties agree.
Unless 引出一个否定条件。它的意思是「如果不……」，但后面要跟肯定形式的动词。
Unless you hurry, you will miss the train.（＝ If you don't hurry...） I won't go unless she invites me.（＝ if she doesn't invite me）
注意： 不要在 unless 后面用否定动词——那会构成双重否定。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| Unless you don't hurry... | Unless you hurry... |
Even if 表示无论条件成立与否，结果都不变。
Even if it rains, we will go.（下不下雨，我们都去。） Even if I had known, I wouldn't have changed my mind.
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| If I would have known, I would have helped. | If I had known, I would have helped. |
| If she would be here, she would help. | If she were here, she would help. |
只有当两个分句的时间参照确实不同时，混合条件句才成立。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| If I had money, I would have traveled last year.（如果真实的意思是「我现在没钱，而且去年也没去旅行」） | If I had had money, I would have traveled last year.（两句都指过去）或 If I had money, I would travel.（两句都指现在／将来） |
在正式写作和规范语法中，表示与事实相反的假设时，所有人称一律用 were。
| 不够正式 | 正式／规范 |
|---|---|
| If I was rich... | If I were rich... |
| If he was here... | If he were here... |
学术和职场写作中，一律优先用 were。
约9分钟阅读
在一个句子里正确使用多种时态是一种能力；在整段、整篇文章中保持时态一致则是另一种。长篇写作要求你先确定一个主导时态框架，只有当内容确实需要另一个时间参照时才偏离它。没有必要的时态跳动会让读者困惑，也会削弱文章的可信度。
时态一致指的是一段文字中的动词遵循一种合乎逻辑的规律。它不是指所有动词都用同一时态——在大多数真实写作中那根本做不到。它指的是：
看这段写得不错的文字：
The experiment demonstrates that temperature affects reaction speed. In the 2019 trial, researchers heated the solution to 80 degrees and observed a 40% increase. These results confirm earlier predictions and suggest that further testing is warranted.
主导时态是一般现在时（用于讨论研究结论——学术写作的惯例）。作者只在描述 2019 年那次具体实验时切换到一般过去时，随后又回到一般现在时。这就是一致而合乎逻辑的。
再对比一个写得不好的版本：
The experiment demonstrated that temperature affects reaction speed. In the 2019 trial, researchers heat the solution to 80 degrees and observe a 40% increase. These results confirmed earlier predictions and will suggest that further testing was warranted.
时态毫无规律地跳来跳去，整段读起来既混乱又不专业。
不同类型的写作使用不同的主导时态。一开始就选对，能避免绝大多数一致性错误。
| 情境 | 主导时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 讨论当前的研究／理论 | 一般现在时 | Smith argues that... |
| 说明某个文本讲了什么 | 一般现在时 | The novel explores themes of isolation. |
| 报告某次具体的过去实验 | 一般过去时 | The researchers collected data from 500 participants. |
| 描述至今依然成立的结论 | 一般现在时 | The data show a clear correlation. |
| 讨论历史事件 | 一般过去时 | The policy was introduced in 2015. |
学术写作常常用到所谓的「文学现在时」（the literary present）——用现在时来讨论文本、理论和研究结论。这是一种行文惯例，并不反映实际的时间。
Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to create tension. In Act 3, Hamlet pretends to be mad, but the audience knows his true intentions.
| 情境 | 主导时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 讲述一个故事（最常见） | 一般过去时 | She walked into the room and sat down. |
| 用现在时叙事（文学手法） | 一般现在时 | She walks into the room and sits down. |
| 过去叙事中的倒叙 | 过去完成时 | She remembered that he had promised to return. |
| 背景描写 | 过去进行时 | The sun was setting over the hills. |
在叙事写作中，最重要的一条规则是：一旦选定用过去时还是现在时来叙事，就不要在没有明确理由的情况下来回切换。
| 情境 | 主导时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 提案与建议 | 一般现在时／将来时 | We recommend that... This will improve... |
| 进展报告 | 现在完成时 + 一般过去时 | We have completed phase one. The team identified three issues. |
| 会议纪要 | 一般过去时 | The committee discussed the budget. |
| 规章制度文件 | 一般现在时 | Employees are required to submit reports monthly. |
| 任务 | 主导时态 |
|---|---|
| IELTS Task 1（图表题） | 一般过去时（描述过去数据）、一般现在时（描述当前趋势） |
| IELTS Task 2（议论文） | 一般现在时（用于论点和观点） |
| TOEFL Independent Essay | 一般现在时 |
| TOEFL Integrated Task | 一般现在时（转述材料内容）+ 一般过去时（转述讲座） |
当内容确实在不同时间范围之间移动时，时态切换是合理的。关键在于让每一次切换都清晰、有意为之。
用时间状语标明你在什么时候、为什么改变时态。
The company currently employs 500 people. Last year, it employed only 300. By 2030, it expects to employ over 1,000.
"currently"、"last year" 和 "by 2030" 这几个时间表达让每一次切换都有据可依、一目了然。
临时切换之后，要明确地回到主时态。
The theory suggests that early intervention is critical. A 2020 study found that children who received support before age five showed significantly better outcomes. These findings support the argument that investment in early education pays long-term dividends.
作者为了叙述那项具体研究切换到一般过去时，随后用 "These findings support" 回到一般现在时——这是一个清楚的信号，表示又回到了对当下意义的讨论。
新起一段是切换时态的自然位置。如果你要从讨论当前理论转到一个历史例证，可以考虑另起一段。
作者以某一时态开头，却毫无缘由地滑向另一时态。
| 不一致 | 一致 | |---|---|---| | She opened the door and sees a stranger. He is wearing a dark coat and looked nervous. | She opened the door and saw a stranger. He was wearing a dark coat and looked nervous. |
讨论一个文本时，要么用现在时，要么用过去时，选定之后就保持不变。
| 不一致 | 一致 | |---|---|---| | In Chapter 1, the author introduces the protagonist. She described his childhood in detail. | In Chapter 1, the author introduces the protagonist. She describes his childhood in detail. |
列举一系列动作或要点时，要让它们保持同一时态。
| 不一致 | 一致 | |---|---|---| | The study examined diet, measures exercise levels, and will track sleep patterns. | The study examined diet, measured exercise levels, and tracked sleep patterns. |
段落中出现条件句时，有些作者会让条件句的时态渗透到周围的句子里。
| 不一致 | 一致 | |---|---|---| | The plan is effective. If we implemented it, costs would decrease. The savings would be significant.（第三句不该继续用条件句的时态） | The plan is effective. If we implemented it, costs would decrease. Current estimates suggest savings of 15%.（回到一般现在时） |
修改文章时按这个流程来：
确认你的主导时态。 读一遍第一段，看哪种时态出现得最多。它适合你这篇文章的类型吗？
在有问题的段落里，把每个动词画出来，在旁边标上它的时态。
逐个检查切换。 问自己：「这里的时间参照真的变了吗，还是我不小心切换的？」
找规律。 常见的问题位置包括：
读出声。 意料之外的时态切换即使在纸面上不易察觉，读出声时往往很刺耳。
一篇完整的文章里，各部分的时态分布可以略有不同，但整体框架应当保持稳定。
| 文章部分 | 常用时态 |
|---|---|
| 引言 | 一般现在时（提出论点、引入话题） |
| 正文——当前的论证 | 一般现在时 |
| 正文——历史证据 | 一般过去时（分析时切回现在时） |
| 正文——未来影响 | 将来时（will／going to），随后回到现在时 |
| 结论 | 一般现在时（重申论点、引申意义） |
原则始终如一：分析性写作以一般现在时为大本营，任何偏离都应当是有目的且临时的。
约7分钟阅读
本节把本模块涉及的所有复合时态规律浓缩成参考表和排查指南。写作前可以用来快速复习，修改时可以当作检查清单。
把直接引语改成转述引语、且转述动词为过去时时，查这张表。
| 原时态 | 后移后的时态 | 例（直接引语 → 转述引语） |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | "I work here." → He said he worked there. |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | "I am leaving." → She said she was leaving. |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | "I have seen it." → He said he had seen it. |
| 现在完成进行时 | 过去完成进行时 | "I have been working." → She said she had been working. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 | "I went home." → He said he had gone home. |
| 过去进行时 | 过去完成进行时 | "I was reading." → She said she had been reading. |
| Will | Would | "I will call." → He said he would call. |
| Can | Could | "I can help." → She said she could help. |
| May | Might | "I may go." → He said he might go. |
| Must | Had to | "I must leave." → She said she had to leave. |
| Could / Would / Should / Might | 不变 | "I could try." → He said he could try. |
| 过去完成时 | 不变 | "I had finished." → She said she had finished. |
例外——以下情况不需要后移：
| 类型 | If 从句 | 主句 | 时间参照 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 零条件句 | 一般现在时 | 一般现在时 | 普遍真理 | If ice melts, it becomes water. |
| 第一条件句 | 一般现在时 | Will + 动词原形 | 真实的将来 | If it rains, I will stay inside. |
| 第二条件句 | 一般过去时 | Would + 动词原形 | 与现在事实相反 | If I were rich, I would retire. |
| 第三条件句 | 过去完成时 | Would have + 过去分词 | 与过去事实相反 | If I had known, I would have helped. |
| 组合 | If 从句 | 主句 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第三 → 第二 | 过去完成时 | Would + 动词原形 | 过去的动作 → 现在的结果 | If I had studied law, I would be a lawyer now. |
| 第二 → 第三 | 一般过去时 | Would have + 过去分词 | 现在的特征 → 过去的结果 | If she spoke French, she would have understood them. |
| 常规形式 | 倒装形式 |
|---|---|
| If I were... | Were I... |
| If she had known... | Had she known... |
| If you have questions... | Should you have questions... |
| 结构 | 时间 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wish + 一般过去时 | 现在 | 希望现在的情况有所不同 | I wish I knew the answer. |
| Wish + 过去完成时 | 过去 | 对过去感到遗憾 | I wish I had studied harder. |
| Wish + would | 将来／持续中 | 希望某人改变做法 | I wish you would listen. |
| If only + 一般过去时 | 现在 | 语气更强的 wish（指现在） | If only I had more time. |
| If only + 过去完成时 | 过去 | 语气更强的 wish（指过去） | If only I had accepted that job. |
| 句式 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时 + 过去时（原因） | 现在的状态 + 过去的原因 | I am tired because I worked late. |
| 过去时 + 更早的过去时 | 一般过去时 + 过去完成时 | When I arrived, she had already left. |
| 现在完成时 + 现在时 | 由过去延续到现在 + 当前状态 | I have read the report, so I understand the issue. |
| 现在时 + 将来时 | 当前的事实 + 将来的计划 | I know he will arrive tomorrow. |
| 表将来的时间状语从句 | 主句用 will，时间状语从句用一般现在时 | I will call you when I arrive. |
| 连词 | 表将来的语境（用现在时） | 表过去的语境（按正常顺序） |
|---|---|---|
| when | I'll help when I finish. | I helped when I finished. |
| before | Call me before you leave. | I called before I left. |
| after | We'll eat after she arrives. | We ate after she arrived. |
| until | Wait until the bus comes. | I waited until the bus came. |
| as soon as | I'll text you as soon as I land. | I texted her as soon as I landed. |
| once | We'll start once everyone is ready. | We started once everyone was ready. |
| by the time | I'll be done by the time you get here. | I was done by the time she got there. |
| while | Don't talk while the teacher is speaking. | He called while I was cooking. |
| 写作类型 | 主导时态 | 何时切换 |
|---|---|---|
| 学术论文 | 一般现在时 | 叙述具体研究时切到一般过去时 |
| 文学分析 | 一般现在时（文学现在时） | 交代历史背景时切到过去时 |
| 叙事／故事 | 一般过去时 | 倒叙时切到过去完成时 |
| 商务提案 | 一般现在时 + 将来时 | 交代背景数据时切到过去时 |
| 进展报告 | 现在完成时 + 一般过去时 | 说明下一步时切到将来时 |
| IELTS Task 1（图表题） | 一般过去时（过去数据）或一般现在时（当前情况） | 视数据所属时间而定 |
| IELTS Task 2（议论文） | 一般现在时 | 举例时切到过去时 |
| 新闻报道 | 一般过去时 | 报道新近发生的事时用现在完成时 |
怀疑自己的文章有时态问题时，用这份清单逐条排查。
检查： 是不是有不必要的时态切换。把每个动词画出来，标上时态。如果时态在跳动，而时间参照并没有相应变化，那就是一致性出了问题。
怎么改： 先确定主导时态，再把所有无缘无故偏离的动词改回主导时态。
判断步骤：
判断步骤：
规则： 在 when, before, after, until, as soon as, once, by the time 之后表示将来的含义，要用一般现在时，不用 will。
怎么改： 把时间状语从句里的 will + 动词 改成一般现在时，will 只保留在主句中。
检查： 是不是无意识地重置了时态。作者常常在另起一段时不知不觉换了时态。
怎么改： 把每段的最后一句和下一段的第一句连起来读。除非你是有意切换时间范围（若是，就用时间状语标明），否则两句应该用同一时态。
规则： 条件句的 if 从句里绝不能用 would。
怎么改： 把 If I would have + 过去分词 改成 If I had + 过去分词，would 只保留在主句中。
交稿之前，逐条过一遍这份清单：
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